Passage B Battle in Space
　
I.Background
　 The chief concern of the people today is world peace. However, some people are talking about Start Wars. Supporters of Star Wars say that this is the only effective way to protect a nation from nuclear disaster-by making nuclear weapons powerless in space, or in other words, by knocking out the missiles while they are still flying in space. In this passage, the another presents an imaginary Star War to the readers.

II. Words often confused
　 1. cross 越过 across 穿过
　 2. scatter(使)分散 散开 spread(使)张开 （使）广布
　 3. protect 保护（常用词） defend 保卫（多指以武力防御危险）
　 4. release 释放 relieve 减轻
　 5. lonely 寂寞的 alone 单独的
　 Exercises: Choose the best answers and fill in the blanks.
　 1. The solders took three days to cross the desert.
　 2. They built a bridge across the river.
　 3. The bird spread its wings ready for flight.
　 4. The birds scattered at the sound of the gun.
　 5. The country cannot be defended against a nuclear attack.
　 6.The hard shell of a nut protects the seed inside it.
　 7.This drug can relieve your headache
　 8.The aircraft released its bombs.
　 9.He has been very lonely since his wife left him.
　 10.I was alone in the house.

III.Notes on the Text
1. L1. A nuclear power has just declared war on another nation: A nuclear power has just announced that it is now at war with another nation.
　 一个核大国刚向另一国家宣战。
　 declare war on: to announce that one or one's country at war with. 向…宣战
　 e.g. Britain declared war on Germany in 1914 .
　 1914年英国向德国宣战。
　 We must declare war on our enemies. 我们必须向敌人宣战。
　 cf. go to war over/against 开始
　 e.g. They went to war over the violation of their airspace.
　 他们因领空受到侵犯而发生了战争。
　 be at war 在打仗
　 e.g. The two countries have been at war for years.
　 这两国已经打了好几年仗。
　 与war 构成的合成词、短语有：
　 war clouds 战争风云 warship 军舰 、战舰
　 war criminal 战犯 warlord 军阀
　 war journalist 战地记者 warhead 弹头
　 war zone 战区 war hero 战争英雄
　 war graves 阵之将士墓地 war memorial 战争纪念碑

2、…Star Wars will take years to develop
　 星球大战的计划要有多年才能研制成功
　 take 表示"需要、花费（时间）"的意义有三种句型。
　 A、 主语可以是人，即"某人+take +一段时间+to do":
　 e.g. I took three hours to get home last night . 我昨晚花了3小时才到家。
　 She took ten years to complete at novel .她用了10年时间才写完这本小说。
　 B、 主语可以是一次活动，即"活动+take(+某人)+一段时间"
　 The journey took me three hours. 这次旅行花了我3小时。
　 Painting the kitchen took me all week.油漆厨房花费了我一星期。
　 C、 主语可以是形式主语it，代替不定式，即"It +take(+某人)+一段时间+to do"或"It + take +一段时间+for sb. / sth. + to do"
　 e.g. It takes time for children to learn a foreign language.
　 儿童学外语需要时间。
　 It took me three hours to get home last night. 我昨夜花了3小时才到家。

3. L5-6 rocket blasts shatter the silence just before dawn: explosions of rockets break the silence just before dawn.
　 火箭发射时的巨大声响震裂了拂晓前的寂静。

4. L6… dozens of enemy missiles…几十枚敌方导弹
　 dozens of : very many 许多
　 e.g. I've been there dozens of times . 我去过那儿好多次了。
　 She's got dozens of boyfriends. 她有许多男朋友。
　 similar phrases: many of , some of ; plenty of , a lot of , lots of ; a large number of

5.L7 at speeds of / at a speed of 以……的速度
　 e.g. He drove at a speed of forty miles per hour .
　 他以每小时40英里的速度驾车行驶。
　 We were travelling at a speed of thirty miles an hour.
　 我们以每小时30英里的速度前时。
　 speed , rate an velocity 在科学文字中，velocity 是速度， speed 是速率。在生活用语中，两词区别不大，但speed多指车、船、飞机前进的速度或生产的速度，velocity 多指运转的速度；rate 则指事物进展的速度。

6. L8-9 These missiles will travel across continents, following the paths which curve from the Earth to space and back to the Earth .
　 这些导弹沿着曲线地球飞进太空，又沿曲线飞向地球，飞越数大洲。
　 在翻译本句时，按汉语习惯，方式状语following the paths…放在主语these missiles 和谓语will travel across continents 之间。

7.L19 These "stationary " satellites share information with space stations…: These "stationary "satellites exchange information with space stations
　 这些"静止"的卫星同空间站一起互相交换情报信息。
　 share with :have /use with 共有，共用
　 e.g. I have to share the house with him.
　 我得和他共和这房子。
　 He would share his last pound with me.
　 他要是剩下最后一镑也会和我分着用。
　 cf. share in: have a share in 他享； 共同负担
　 e.g. She shares in my troubles. 她和我分享苦难。
　 We all share in the responsibility for these terrible events
　 对这些可怕的事件，我们都负有责任。

8.L21 With these, they can keep a constant watch on enemy nations: with the radar equipment and heat radiation detectors, they watch over the enemy nations.
　 有了这些设备，他们可以对敌国保持不断的监视。
　 keep a watch on : watch carefully 监视
　 e.g. The police are keeping a close watch on the activities of those men.
　 警方正密切注意着这些人的活动。
　 He keeps a close watch on new technology.
　 他密切注视新技术的发展。
　 cf. keep sb. under close watch 置某人于严密监视下
　 e.g. They kept the suspect under close watch.
　 他们严密监视这个嫌疑犯。
　 keep an eye on 照着， 留神
　 e.g. She worked and kept an eye on the sick child at the same time.
　 她一面工作，一面照管病孩。

9.so, when attacking missiles blast off…: so , when attacking missiles are launched….所以，当这些时攻导弹升空时
　 blast off: launch (火箭， 航天飞机等)发射上天
　 e.g. The rocket will blast off in a few moments . 火箭即将发射起飞。

10．L26-28 Details of the numbers , paths, and types of attacking missiles are sent to defense posts in the nation and to defense battle stations circling the Earth.
　 有关导时攻导弹的数目、路线和种类等详细信息送到国内的防御基地和围绕地球运行的防御战斗空间战。

11.L33-34 During that time, the missile's rocked boosters are loaded with explosive fuel: During that time , the missile's rocket boosters are filled with explosive fuel .
　 在那段时间内，导弹的火箭助推器里装满了爆炸性燃料。
　 load with 装有、装上
　 e.g. Load the van with furniture . 把这些家具装上货车。
　 He loaded his stomach with steaks. 他用牛排填满了肚子。
　 cf. load into 装进
　 e.g. He loaded a new film into the camera 他把新胶卷装进照相机里。

12.L37-38 This super-energetic beam sets fire to the fuel in a rocket booster, and the missile bursts into a ball of fire. : This super-energetic beam lights the fuel in a rocket booster, and the missile suddenly starts burning in the shape of a ball.
　 这种超高能的光束点燃了火煎助推器中的燃料，这枚导弹突然燃烧起来成了一个火球。
　 set fire to : light; supply fire to 点燃， 施火于……
　 e.g. Some must have set fire to it deliberately.
　 必定有人故意纵火。
　 She set fire to the old papers.
　 她用火点燃了旧报纸。
　 cf. catch fire 有火
　 e.g. The pile of papers couldn't catch fire by itself. 这堆纸自己不会着火。
　 draw fire 遭到袭击
　 e.g. If you stick your head up like that you'll draw the enemy's fire .
　 你如果那样伸出脑袋，就会遭到敌人的炮火袭击。
　 burst into: to start suddenly; enter (a state) suddenly 突然发出，爆发成
　 e.g. The paper burst into flames 这纸突然着火
　 Mary burst into tears/song/laughter
　 玛丽突然哭起来/唱起来/哈哈大笑
　 cf. burst out 突然发出声音
　 e.g. They burst out laughing/crying .
　 他们突然哈哈大笑/放声大哭。

13.L38-39 Some others spin out of control as super-energetic beams wreck their navigation systems: Some other missiles turn round and round and become uncontrollable because super-energetic beams destroy their navigation systems.
　 另外一些导弹则因超高能光束摧毁了导航系统而失去控制。
　 spin: to turn round and round fast. 快速旋转
　 e.g. We span the coin to see who would have first turn.
　 我们旋转硬币着首先轮到谁。
　 The wheel was spinning on ground.
　 轮子在地上快速 旋转。
　 out of control: 失去控制
　 e.g. The car went out of control and crashed.
　 汽车失去控制而撞毁了。
　 The children were out of control .孩子们无法无天了。
　 cf. in/under control /of 处于控制之中
　 e.g. The country was in/under control of the military.
　 这个国家完全处于军方的控制之下。
　 He has been in full control of the situation. 他已完全控制了局势。
　 take/gain control of 控制
　 e.g. Peter took/gained control of the business after his father died.
　 彼得在父亲去世后接管了生意。
　 lose control(of)失去控制
　 e.g. He lost control of himself and hit her. 他失去自制力，揍了她。

14.L41Missiles that survive this attack soar out of the Earth's atmosphere.: Missiles that remain alive and escape from this attack fly up high out of the Earth's atmosphere.
　 免遭袭击而侥幸脱逃的那些导弹飞出地球大气层以外。
　 survive : to continue to live or exist after coming close to death. 幸存，残存
　 e.g. Her parents died in the accident , but she survived.
　 她的父母死于车祸，但她却幸免于验。
　 He survived in the desert for a week.
　 他在沙漠中维持了一个时期。
　 cf. survive: to continue to live or exist after 比……活得长
　 e.g. She survived her sons .
　 她活得比她几个儿子都要长。
　 The old man survived his wife by three years.
　 妻子死后这位老人又活了三年。
　 soar: to fly or go up high in the air. 高飞
　 e.g. The eagles soared high above the valleys .
　 鹰在山谷上空高地翱翔。
　 Prices soared when war broke out. 战争爆发时间物价飞涨。

15L41 After a further five minutes…. ： After another five minutes…..再过五分钟…

16．L42 From the on…. : From that time and afterwards在此之后…
　 from …on 从….起…
　 e.g. From now on , I will only be working in the mornings.
　 我从现在起将只在上午工作。
　 From then on, the situation seemed to be going bad.从那时起，形势似乎变糟了。

17.L44 Hence, those five minutes are crucial: Therefore, those five minutes are extremely important.
　 因此这五分钟十分关键。
　 crucial: of deciding importance 决定性的，紧要关头的
　 e.g. The success of this experiment is crucial to the project as a whole.
　 这项试验的成功对整个计划至关重要的。
　 It's a crucial moment in the negotiations . 这是谈判的决定性时刻。

18.L51 But the danger is far from over: But the danger is not over at all.
　 然而危险还远远没有过去。
　 far from: not at all . 根本不（是表达否定意义的短语）
　 e.g. I was still far from satisfied. 我还是一点都不满意。
　 Far from admiring his paintings, I dislike them intensely.
　 我根本不赞赏他的作品，甚至于很 讨厌他们。
　 形容词+ from
　 aside from 除….之外 apart from 除…..之外
　 free from 没有…., 不受…的影响 safe from 免受…而安全
　 absent from 缺席 distinct from 在差别
　 different from 与…不同 remote from 远离…地方的
　 distant from 远离

19.L53 Once released, these scatter to follow separate paths toward the distant targets: Once warheads and decoys are released, they move quickly in different directions to follow separate routes the distant targets.
　 它们一经释放出来就因散开来沿着不路线射向远距离的目标。
　 scatter: to separate widely 分散; 驱散
　 e.g. The searchers scattered all over the countryside looking for her.
　 那些搜寻的人分散到乡下 各处去寻找她。
　 The farmers were scattering seed on the fields.
　 农夫把种子撒在田里。

20.L55… a laser rod is pointed at it: a laser rod is aimed/directed at it.
　 一根激光棒对准它
　 point at : to aim or direct 瞄准
　 e.g. Their missiles are pointed at targets in enemy countries.
　 他们的导弹瞄准敌国的目标。

21.L59-60 This is what has been conceived of as Star Wars, but hopefully it will never happen! : This is what people think of as Star Wars , but it is to be hoped that Star Wars will never break out.
　 这就是人们设想中的星球大战，但有希望的是，它永远不会发生！
　 conceive of: think of ; imagine 想出；构想
　 e.g. I can't conceive of your allowing the child to travel alone.
　 我想不出你为什么让孩子独自旅 行。
　 Scientists first conceived the idea of the atomic bomb in the 1930s.
　 科学家在三十年代首次有了原子弹的构想。
　
IV. Phrasal verb
1. keep-phrases
　 (1) keep back
　 a. 隐瞒
　 e..g We must have the whole story, don't keep anything back from us.
　 我们必须知道事情的全部经过，不发对我们隐瞒任何事。
　 b. 阻止，抑制
　 e.g. The men built banks of earth to keep back the rising flood waters.
　 那些人筑土堤来阻止正在上涨的洪水。
　 (2) keep down
　 a. 压缩、控制
　 e.g. Chemicals are used to keep insects down.
　 化学药品是用来控制昆虫的。
　 b. 压制、镇压
　 e.g. You can't keep a good man down. 好人是压制不住的。
　 (3) keep from 阻止，抑制
　 e.g. I could hardly keep from laughing . 我差一点笑出了声。
　 The British government is considering further action to keep the pound from falling in value.
　 英国的政府正在考虑采取进一步的措施，来制止英镑贬值。
　 (4) keep off (使)不接近
　 e.g. Please keep off the grass 勿踏草地。
　 Visitors are told to keep their hands off the paintings.
　 参观者被告知不要用物手触摸画。
　 (5) keep on 继续、反复地做
　 e.g. Prices keep on rising .物价不断地一涨。
　 He just kept on hitting the boy although I told him to stop.
　 尽管我叫他住手，他还是不停地打那个男孩。
　 (6) keep to
　 e.g. I'd rather keep to the original arrangement.
　 我宁愿坚持原来的安排。
　 c. 遵守、信守
　 You must keep to the rules even if you think they are unfair.
　 你必须遵守这些规则，即使你认为这些规则不公平。
　 (7) keep up
　 a坚持
　 e.g. I'm glad that you are keeping up your studies .
　 你坚持学习，我很高兴。
　 c. 使继续下去。
　 (8) keep up with 跟上，与……同步前进
　 e.g. We must keep up with the times .
　 我们要跟上进代的步伐。
　 Harry couldn't keep up with the class.
　 哈里跟不上他班里的同学。
2. Set-phrases
　 (1) set about 开始，着手
　 e.g. She set about planning her holiday.
　 开始为假期作准备了。
　 How do you set about building a boat？
　 你是如何着手造船的。
　 (2) set apart
　 a 使分离
　 e.g. The chair was set apart from the others for the special guest.
　 给特殊客人坐的椅子与其它椅子分开来了。
　 c. 使显得突出
　 Her special gift set her apart from her fellow students.
　 她的特殊才能使她在同学中鹤立鸡群。
　 (3) set aside
　 a. 指出，留出
　 e.g. It's important to set aside time for hobbies.
　 为业余爱好留出时间是很得要的。
　 b. 把….置于一旁，不理会
　 e.g. Setting aside her disappointment , she smiled and praised the winner.
　 她把自己的失望置于一旁，微笑着称赞，获胜者。
　 (4) set back
　 a. 推迟，延缓
　 e.g. The bad weather will set back out building plans by three weeks.
　 恶劣的天气将使我们的建设计划推迟三个星期。
　 b. 使花费
　 e.g. The boy's education has set me back more than $ 3000.
　 孩子的教育已经使我花费了3000多美元。
　 (5) set down: 写下，记入
　 e.g. I have set down everything that has happened.
　 我已经把所发生的一切都记录了下来。
　 He has the details set down here in his notes.
　 他已经将细节记录在笔记里了。
　 (6) set off
　 a. 出发，启程
　 e.g. He set off for work an hour ago.
　 他一小时前动身上班了。
　 b. 激引，引起
　 e.g. Careless handling of international relations can set off a war.
　 对国际关系的不慎重处理会引发战争。
　 (7) set out
　 a. 动身， 启程
　 e.g. When are we setting out on our trip?
　 我们什么时候动身旅行。
　 b. 开始，从事
　 e.g. Setting out in business in no easy job.
　 经商并非易事。
　 c. 摆出
　 The goods for sale were set out attractively.
　 出售的商品摆得很引人注目。
　 d. 陈述，阐明
　 e.g. Set out your reasons for wanting a rise in pay.
　 陈述一下你要求长工资的理由。
　 (8) set up
　 a. 创立，建立
　 e.g. They set up a factory three years ago.
　 三年前，他们建了一个工厂。
　 b. 架起
　 e.g. Do you know how to set up a tent?
　 你知道如何搭帐篷吗？
　 C. 开业，开始经营
　 e.g. He gave his son some capital to set him up.
　 他给了儿子一些资本，帮他开业。

Work Building
　 名词+过去分词
　 ice-bound island 冰封的岛屿
　 wind-swept grasslands 狂风怒吼的草原
　 a snow-covered mountain 大雪覆盖的山脉
　 a man-made satellite 人造卫星
　 形容词+现在分词
　 a never-ending war 一场永无休止的战争
　 ever -lasting life 永恒的生命
　 far-reaching significance 深远的意义
　 sweet-smelling food 好闻的食物
　 a good looking man 一位英俊的男子
　 hard -working people 勤劳的人们
　 副词+过去分词
　 a specially-made bed 一张特制的床
　 a highly-paid position 高薪的职位
　 a slightly-built child 身材瘦小的男孩
　 a properly-dressed lady 穿戴讲究的女士
　 a neatly-arranged room 安排整齐的房间
　 heavily-taxed citizens 税务繁重的公民

with 的用法
　 With 表示"随着，与……同�"之意，它仅表示随着某种情况而发生另一种情况；
　 With the decay of vitality, weariness increases.
　 随着精力衰退，疲劳感就会增加
　 The weather changes with the seasons.
　 天气随关季节而变化
　 With the approach of Christmas the weather turned colder.
　 随关圣诞节的到来，天气变得越来越寒冷。
　 His vitality and creative power are declining with age.
　 随着年龄的增长，他的活动和创造力在逐渐衰退。

V.Synonym Distinction
1．appear and seem
　 A. seem 与 appear 在词法上相同，它们后面均可跟to-- 不定式，to-- 完成不定式，that 从句或as if /as though 从句：
　 He appears/seems to have resigned. 他似乎已经辞职了。
　 It seems/appears as if she will win.看上去似乎她要赢。
　 He seems/appears to be your friend but I doubt if he is.
　 他看上去像你的朋友，但我对此表示怀疑。
　 B.如果要表达正在进行的行为动作，我们只能seem/appear to be doing;如果要否定to- 不定式，否定副词not , never等习惯上位于seem/appear 之前。
　 She seemed to be writing something when I entered.
　 我进去时她似乎在写什么东西。
　 I can't seem to stop coughing. 我咳嗽看来止不住了。
　 He didn't seem to have changed. 他似乎没变。

2． means , way and method
　 A. means 是指用来达到某个特定目的的"工具、手段"。它经常与介词by 连用。
　 A taxi was his means of getting to the theatre.
　 出租车是他到达电影院的交通工具。
　 He used unfair means to win the competition.
　 他用不当手段赢得了这场比赛。
　 B．对比之下，way 更泛指，是三者中最笼统、最不正式的，因为它既可指单个的技巧，又可指一次复杂的操作。way 还可指某人处理事情或问题的独特方式、方法。way 与in 连用。
　 These vegetables can be cooked in several different ways.
　 这些蔬菜可以用好几种不同的方法烹炒。
　 He has a pleasant way of speaking .他有一种令人愉快的说话方式。
　 Working at night and sleeping by the day is his way of life.
　 夜里工作，白天睡觉是他的生活方式。
　 C．method 是指为了提高效率或精确度而精心设计出来的一套技巧：
　 I don't much like his method of training workers.
　 我不太喜欢他训练工作的方法。
　 This book deals with teaching methods.
　 这本书是论述教学法的。

3. spin, rotate , roll and turn.
　 这四个词都表示"旋转"，其区别如下：
　 A. spin 指高速地旋转
　 e.g. The dancer is spinning round and round .
　 舞蹈家在不停地旋转着
　 The teacher spun round to see who had spoken.
　 老师猛地转过身子，看谁在说话。
　 B. rotate 主要指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。
　 e.g. The earth rotates once every 24hours.
　 地球每24小时自转 一圈 。
　 The earth rotates around the sun.地球绕着太阳转 。
　 c. roll 则指物体在一个平面上旋转，即滚动。
　 e.g. A car wheel rolls on the ground while it rotates on its axle .
　 汽车轮子自转时它就在地面上滚动。
　 The ball rolled into the hole. 球滚进了洞里。
　 D turn 含义最广，可以代替这几个词里的任何一个，但多指自转
　 e.g. The big wheel turned slowly . 大轮子慢慢地旋转。
　 I turned the key in the lock..我转动锁里的钥匙。

4. locate and detect
　 A. locate 指"确定……的地点"
　 We located the ship with the help of radar.
　 我们借助雷达确定了那只船的位置。
　 They've located the source of the signals.
　 他们已找到发出信号的地方了。
　 B. detect 指有意识，有目的地发观。
　 e.g. Small quantities of poison were detected in the dead man's stomach.
　 hao 在死胃中发现了少量毒药。
　 Can you detect an escape of gas in this corner of the room?
　 你能察觉房间的这个角上有煤气逸出吗？